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Waste Management and Recycling, Industrial Waste Management, Agro Waste, Municipal Garbage, Plastic, Paper, Metal, Iron, Glass, Rubber, Electronic, Medical Waste Recycling, Solid Waste Treatment, Agricultural, Wood Waste, Residue Processing Projects

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. Concern over environment is being seen a massive increase in recycling globally which has grown to be an important part of modern civilization. The consumption habits of modern consumerist lifestyles are causing a huge global waste problem.  Industrialization and economic growth has produced more amounts of waste, including hazardous and toxic wastes. There is a growing realization of the negative impacts that wastes have had on the local environment (air, water, land, human health etc.)

Waste management is the collection of all thrown away materials in order to recycle them and as a result decrease their effects on our health, our surroundings and the environment and enhance the quality of life. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Waste Management flows in a cycle: monitoring, collection, transportation, processing, disposal or recycle. Through these steps a company can effectively and responsibly manage waste output and their positive effect they have on the environment.

Waste generation per capita has increased and is expected to continue to climb with growing population, wealth, and consumerism throughout the world. Approaches to solving this waste problem in a scalable and sustainable manner would lead us to a model that uses waste as an input in the production of commodities and value monetized, making waste management a true profit center. The conversion of waste as a potential source of energy has a value as a supplemental feedstock for the rapidly developing bio-fuels sector. A variety of new technologies are being used and developed for the production of biofuels which are capable of converting wastes into heat, power, fuels or chemical feedstock.

Thermal Technologies like gasification, pyrolysis, thermal Depolymerization, plasma arc gasification, and non–thermal technologies like anaerobic digestion, fermentation etc. are a number of new and emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Biodegradable wastes are processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for the stabilization of wastes. Recycling of materials like plastics, paper and metals should be done for future use.

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal in India that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization - driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources.

 

 

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Particle Board from Rice Husk - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

Construction industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. Rapid construction activity and growing demand of houses has lead to the short fall of traditional building materials. Bricks, Cement, sand, and wood are now becoming scares materials. Demand of good quality of building materials to replace the traditional materials and the need for cost effective and durable materials for the low cost housing has necessitated the researchers to develop variety of new and innovative building materials. Construction materials of special requirements for the houses in different geographical region to overcome the risk of natural hazard and for protection from sever climatic conditions has also emphasised the need for development of lightweight, insulating, cost effective, durable and environment friendly building materials. Agricultural waste or residue is made up of organic compounds from organic sources such as rice straw, oil palm empty fruit bunch, sugar cane bagasse, coconut shell, and others. Rice husk from paddy (Oryza sativa) is one example of alternative material that can be potentially used for making particle board. Rice husk is unusually high in ash, which is 92 to 95% silica, highly porous and lightweight, with a very high external surface area. Its absorbent and insulating properties are useful to many industrial applications, such as acting as a strengthening agent in building materials. Rice husks are processed into rectangular shaped particle boards. Particle board is as the name suggests a board made of particles of wood obtained mechanically without destroying the inherent character of wood. This new industry initially was started primarily with a view to utilize wood waste. Wood that was left in the forest being unsuitable for lumber industry and wood that was thrown away as waste in various wood industries, (e.g. sawmills, furniture making plywood Industries) could be utilized in making particle board. It may be mentioned here that fiber board also utilizes the same wood waste; the wood is converted into pulp and pressed the bond being obtained mainly from the natural lignin present in wood. In case of particle board, the bond is obtained by using an organic binder-synthetic resin adhesive. The accepted definition of particle board is A sheet material manufactured from small pieces of wood on other lignocelluloses materials, (e.g. chips, flakes, splinters, strands, shives, etc.) agglomerated by use of an organic binder together with one or more of the following agents heat, pressure, moisture a catalyst etc. Uses & Applications The property of this board can be controlled. It has got better acoustic properties and hence better sound absorption. It does not support combustion, thus it is safe to use as it is fine safety measure. It is insect and termite resistant. It is water resistant. It is more economical. It is used in furniture making where cost economy is the main factor. It is used both for movable and built in furniture. It is used in construction industry in making doors, flooring, floor underlayment, ceiling, roof underlayment, walls partition, concrete frame-work and transport industry. Market Survey The large producers account for 15% of the total production, producing some 38 mn sq. m of plywood and block boards. The ecological considerations had, however, placed the industry in jeopardy owing primarily to the restraints put on the use of timber. Alternate materials from agricultural wastes like stalks of cotton and wheat, rice husk and bagasse are slowly getting into the industry as raw material feeds. Kitply Industries, Sarda Plywood, Century Plywood, Novapan, National Plywood, Green-ply and Jayshree Tea remain the main players in the organized sector of plywoods and particle boards, which has some 60 units. There are several SSI units and other informal sector units contributing around 60% of the total production. The Indian market for particle board and plywood is estimated in value terms, at over Rs 37 bn. Of the total market, particle board including medium density fiber board (MDF board) accounts for nearly a quarter of the market. Nearly 85% of the particle board is supplied by the organized sector. Western India has emerged as the leader in the particle board segment. Shirdi Industries (SIL) was setting up a plant for the manufacture of MDF and particle board. The project, which will be India's first and only integrated plant providing complete interior solutions, was being set up at Uttarakhand. It was mainly because of the state government granting the company a status, entitling the company to excise duty, income tax and sales tax exemption besides investment subsidy. The company is also producing pre-laminated board, decorative laminates, floorings, panel door and furniture components from the facility. Few Major Players are as under:- Archidply Industries Ltd. Bajaj Eco-Tec Products Ltd. Bajaj Hindustan Ltd. Ecoboard Industries Ltd. Feroke Boards Ltd. Genus Paper Products Ltd. Kitply Industries Ltd. Novopan Industries Ltd. Nuboard Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Rushil Decor Ltd. Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Ltd. Shirdi Industries Ltd. Western India Plywoods Ltd.
Plant capacity: 15 Lakh Nos. /annumPlant & machinery: Rs. 152 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: Rs. 426 Lakhs
Return: 31.00%Break even: 51.00%
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E–WASTE RECYCLING PLANT - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. While there is no generally accepted definition of e-waste, in most cases, e-waste comprises of relatively expensive and essentially durable products used for data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses. According to the recent survey, electronic discards are one of the fastest growing segments of our nation's waste stream. Electronic wastes, e-waste , e-scrap , or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( WEEE ) is a description of surplus, obsolete, broken or discarded electrical or electronic devices. According to the OECD, any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life would come under WEEE. Technically, electronic waste is the component which is dumped or disposed or discarded rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently coming led (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term e-waste broadly to all surplus electronics. WEEE has been identified as one of the fastest growing sources of waste in the EU, and is estimated to be increasing by 16-28 per cent every five years. Within each sector a complex set of heterogeneous secondary wastes is created. However, there exist huge variations in the nature of electronic wastes between sectors, and treatment regimes appropriate for one cannot be readily transferred to another. There is also a lack of definition around the specific details of the treatment requirements of WEEE. It is therefore, the process of recycling of components containing hazardous compounds such as halogenated chlorides and bromides used as flame-retardants in plastics, Copper, PVC sheathing of wires etc., has emerged as a life threatening process, as recycling of such materials produces harmful dioxins. Land filling e-waste, one of the most widely used methods of disposal, is prone to hazards because of leachate which often contains heavy water resources. Older landfill sites and uncontrolled dumps pose a much greater danger of releasing hazardous emissions. Mercury, Cadmium and Lead are among the most toxic leachates. Market survey WEEE has been identified as one of the fastest growing sources of waste in the India, and is estimated to be increasing by 16-28 per cent every five years. Within each sector a complex set of heterogeneous secondary wastes is created. Although treatment requirements are complicated, the sources from any one sector possess many common characteristics. However, there exist huge variations in the nature of electronic wastes between sectors, and treatment regimes appropriate for one cannot be readily transferred to another. The first comprehensive study to estimate the annual generation of e-waste in India and answer the questions above is being undertaken up by the National WEEE Taskforce. So far the preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tons per year. The top states in order of highest contribution to WEEE include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. The city wise ranking of largest WEEE generators is Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. Almost 50% of the PC's sold in India are products from the secondary market and are re-assembled on old components. The remaining market share is covered by multinational manufacturers (30%) and Indian brands (22%).
Plant capacity: 2164500 kgs. /annumPlant & machinery: Rs. 233 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: Rs. 500 Lakhs
Return: 22.00%Break even: 49.00%
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Fly Ash Beneficiation - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

Fly ash, also known as flue-ash, is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants, and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash. Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO) but may include toxic constituents in quantities from trace amounts to several percent such as: arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium, along with dioxins and PAH compounds. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now requires that it be captured prior to release. In the US, fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is recycled, often used to supplement Portland cement in concrete production. Market Survey It is estimated that the total mineral wealth of flyash is approx. of the order of Rs.30,000 crore/year which is expected to grow 2.5 times by the end of the century. Significance of this area could well be understood from the fact that, just 1 million ton of flyash if put to use for different high value added applications has the potential of yielding a total turnover of Rs.500 crore per year. By contrast, if the same amount of flyash is to be used for say manufacturing of bricks, the total output may be to the tune of just Rs.25 crore. Current market investigation on the utilization of various flyash & application in the country is virtually absent for commercial applications. It can be concluded that currently there is a negligible market for these products though the potential may be substantial. The market prospects for high value added product is not easy to determine as the product is not in commercial use and the technology is in its early stages of commercialization. However, the market potential has been indicated for the products, that it may substitute in future. The total market potential that exists for high value added products by 2000 AD is estimated to be Rs.5000 crore. The actual market size has been estimated for metal extraction under two different scenarios assuming setting up of a 1 lakh ton and 1 million ton flyash processing plant.
Plant capacity: 150000 Lakh Nos. /annumPlant & machinery: 435 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: 1217 Lakhs
Return: 29.00%Break even: 49.00%
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Activated Carbon From Coconut Shell - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities

Activated carbon shows high absorptivity for gases, vapors and colloidal solids in either the gas ion or liquid phase. It is available in many forms such as pellets, granules and in powder form. Activated carbon is very important chemical, has wide application and employed by numerous industries which require absorption of certain gases and vapors in purification, in catalytic chemical reactions, decolorisation of vegetable oil and sugar solutions. Activated carbons have a large surface area, liquid phase activated carbons are light in weight, fluffy powder while gas phase activated carbons are hard and are in the form of pellets. Many carbons of industrial value are prepared from coal and from organic vegetable and animal matter. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of different forms of activated carbon such as, Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation; Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, tanbark waste, coconut pericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, cocoa been shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp liquor, and filter press mud from sugar factories etc. Uses & Application • For Purification of liquids: the powdered form of activated carbon is added to the liquid to be purified and the mixture is agitated and finally filtered. • Granulated activated carbons are used for purification of gases or liquids and are used in a vertical carbon packed column. • Removing or improving the color and flavor of edible materials, such as agar, beer, cider, wines whisky, vinegar, fruit juices, gelatin, pectin, and cocoa butter. • Removing color, odor grease and colloids from dry cleaning fluids such as naphtha, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, etc. • Dephenolizing effluent gas works liquor. • Removing oil and grease from boiler feed water and electroplating solutions. • Recovering iodine from sea water, and bromine from brines, • Reclaiming aniline, benzene, phenol, and camphor from trade wastes. • Preparation of biological products like vitamins hormones, and enzymes. • Activated carbons have been used as carriers for catalyst in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are used as catalytic dehydrogenation agents in the production of ketones from higher alcohols. • Gas adsorbent carbon is employed for the recovery of gasoline from natural gas. • It is also used for the removal of hydrogen sulphide from town gas, for purification of carbon dioxide from distillery gases, and for the maintenance of vacuum in containers for liquid air and, generally in vacuum flasks. • Activated carbon is used in the preparation of pills and digestive tablets, utilized in the treatment of ailments of the stomach due to hyper acidity, its large doses, either alone or mixed with Karoline, are administered for diarrhea. • It is used as a dressing for suppurating wounds, used as an antidote to various forms of poisoning, especially those due to mercury salts strychnine, phenol, morphine, atropine, oxalic acid, mushroom, and poisons for which other antidotes are not available. Market Survey The activated carbon industry consists of more than 50 units spread countrywide most of which are in small-scale industrial sector (SSI Sector). Of the total number of units in operation, only 10 to 12 units cater to the national market while the other serve the local or regional markets. In general activated carbon is manufactured in the northern region from wood charcoal (mostly made from pinewood) whereas in the southern region, it is made from charcoal of the hard shell of coconut. The domestic market for activated carbon is fast expanding with rapid growth of several end user industries. The demand from the vegetable oil industry – the largest consumer of activated carbon is 24,000 tones. The capacity utilization ratio is reported to around 85%. In such circumstances effected by higher demand as compared to shorter supply, end user industries have to depend partially on the imports and partially on the lower consumption of activated carbon at their units. The demand for carbon black is going up in India, due to the steady rise in automobile sales and its direct correlation with the tyre industry. Total installed carbon black capacity in India now stands at 700,000MT. With a brisk pick-up in the tyre sector, demand for carbon black is expected to increase 8% to 10% per annum in the domestic market. Global Demand:- The global activated carbon industry is estimated to be around 1.1 million metric ton. Demand for virgin activated carbon is expected to rise by around 10% annually through 2014, worldwide. The global activated carbon market was worth $1.8 billion in 2011 and is estimated to reach $3 billion by 2016, growing at a CAGR of 11.1% from 2011 to 2016. The demand for activated carbon (AC) is expected to grow due to the new demand in mercury control technology for industrial air purification applications. Demand for activated carbon in mercury control applications alone is forecast to grow more than fivefold to 520 million pounds. Since powdered activated carbon (PAC) is overwhelmingly the product type used in mercury control technology, the PAC segment will expand to account for two-thirds of US product demand in 2014 in volume terms. Granular activated carbon (GAC) types will see strong gains through 2014 as well, due primarily to expanded use of activated carbon filter systems in municipal drinking water treatment. World demand for virgin activated carbon is forecast to expand an impressive 9.0 percent per annum through 2014 to 1.7 million metric tons. The US represents the largest national market for activated carbon in the world. ? Current world demand for carbon black is estimated to be 10.4 million tones a year against an installed capacity of 14.26 million tones indicating supply is outstripping demand. According to industry sources, global carbon black capacity is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.3% between 2011 and 2015 even as demand is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5%. Demand for carbon black in overseas markets, particularly the US and Japan, has started picking up in the recent past, with China, India, and Central and Eastern Europe showing much higher demand. Few Major Players are listed below: Indo German Carbons Ltd. Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. Triton Laboratories Ltd.
Plant capacity: 1500 MT/annumPlant & machinery: 157 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: 380 Lakhs
Return: 47.00%Break even: 40.00%
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Paper Manufacturing Plant With Pulp from Bamboo, Wood and Grass - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study

Paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, bamboo, cotton or flax. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing long before the making of paper in China. The use of paper for various purposes is an essential feature of the modern society. Therefore pulp and paper manufacturing is very important part of modern industry. Pulp and paper production is based on the use of bamboo, wood or grass as raw material, but also on the consumption of large-scale chemicals, like chlorine, sodium hydroxide, etc. Approximately 25,000 plants with a woody stem are registered under the term wood. However, the different varieties clearly differ in terms of usability for the production of paper. Wood comes from trees and its types are Soft Wood, Hard wood, Abnoramal wood. Wood is made up of cellulose fibres that are bound together by a material called lignin. In a pulp mill, the fibres are separated from one another into a mass of individual fibres. This is called woodpulp. Woodpulp currently represents 33% of the fibre used to make paper and board in the India. 6% of that is home produced and is used by the 2 integrated mills (that is a mill that carries out the entire papermaking process from tree to end product). None of these mills use fully mature grown trees, but rather small dimension timber (which is of no use to other commercial users such as furniture makers and builders), saw mill waste and forest thinnings. Bamboo is one of rapidly growing and high yielding woody plants. It produces a large biomass per unit area as compared to many other plants. Bamboo is classified as a grass, although it attains a considerable size and the stems or culms are quite hard and resistant to mechanical and chemical action. Bamboo fibre is considerably longer than most of the perennial grasses and annual plants and therefore, is comparable to coniferous wood pulp. The fibre is extraordinarily fine, 0.015 mm. Since the fibres are long and flexible, all kinds of paper area manufactured from it. Grasses, or more technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the family Poaceae (also called Gramineae), as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) and papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus).Some of the various grasses used for producing paper are: Esparto Grass, Switchgrass, Cogon Grass etc. Pulp technology deals with the liberation of fibres fixed in the wood or plant matrix. Pulp can be converted to a number of different products with a variety of applications and there¬by with a variety of product demands. Paper tech¬nology is the knowledge of how to unify the fibres to form the paper web. Paper is made by pulping wood, bleaching this pulp and then spreading it out into sheets to make it into paper. At various stages of the process, chemicals are used to give the paper particular properties, such as the bleaching chemicals that make paper white (and which also enable it to subsequently be coloured). Uses Pulp Pulp is used for Paper and board production. The furnishing of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Chemical pulps are used for making nanocellulose. Dissolving pulp is used in making regenerated cellulose that is used textile and cellophane production. Fluff pulp is used in diapers, feminine hygiene products and nonwovens. Paper Paper may be impregnated, enameled, metalized, made to look like parchment, creped, water-proofed, waxed, glazed, sensitized, bent, turned, folded, twisted, crumpled, cut, torn, dissolved, macerated, molded, and embossed. It may be colored, coated, printed or even written on! It can be laminated with fabric, plastic and metal. It can be opaque, translucent or transparent. It is naturally combustible, or can be made " re-retardant. It may be a carrier or a barrier. It may be made tough enough to withstand acid, or soft enough for a baby’s skin. It can be read and worn as a garment. It can be re-used and recycled and it is made from a renewable, sustainable source. Market Survey Paper and Paperboards The world consumption of paper and paperboard is estimated at over 300 mn tonne a year. It is constituted broadly of 30% of cultural papers (writing and printing), 14% of newsprint, and the balance of kraft and packaging paper including paperboards. The Indian production is about 2 to 3% of the global total. The Indian market is today growing at three times the rate of the global average. India's paper industry plans to invest USD 2.5 bn in the next two three years to add 2 mn tpa of paper and paper products production capacity. It will also help in improving cost-competitiveness. The Indian paper industry is one of the traditional industries of India consisting of over 500 units with an installed capacity (excluding newsprint) of over 7.5 mn tonne per annum. India has become self-sufficient in paper except for special varieties such as high quality bond paper and newsprint. The industry has progressed in the sense that dependence on wood-based raw material has come down to approximately 40%. Bagasse (about 33%) and waste paper (over 27%) now constitute more than 60% of the raw material base. The consumption of paper products is growing at a fast pace of around 6.5% and is expected to further go up in future. The industry now uses three sources of raw materials - recycled paper, wood and agro based, and waste. The recycled paper, comparatively cheaper, comprises almost 40% of the total raw material requirements at present. Major players from the paper industry had lined up close to $2.5 bn worth of investment. For instance, AP Paper planned for a capacity of 22,000 tpa at a cost of Rs 12.6 bn. Century Textiles is putting up 70,000 tpa at a cost of Rs 3.85 bn. The largest investment is coming from ITC with a 200,000 tpa pulp and paper capacity at a cost of Rs 25 bn. JK Paper, Seshasayee Paper, TN Newsprint and West Coast Paper are also ramping up capacities. In the meantime the industry had witnessed some significant takeovers: Triveni Tissues by ITC, Sewa Paper by Ballarpur, Central Pulp Mills by JK Corp. India is the 15th largest paper manufacturer in the world, accounting for ~2.5% of the world’s output. India is the world’s fastest growing paper market, growing at a CAGR of 7.3% over FY 06-11. Domestic paper & paperboard demand is closely linked to economic activity as demand has grown at an average 0.9x multiple of GDP in the past 5 years. Over the next five years, paper demand is projected to grow from 10.8 Million Tons in FY 11 to 14.7 Million Tons in FY 16, representing a CAGR of 6.4% and GDP multiple of 0.8x. Over the long-term, the country’s paper demand is looking structurally positive as India’s per capita paper consumption of 8.8 kg is well behind the global per capita consumption of 58 kg. The Indian Paper Industry is a booming industry and is expected to grow in the years to come. The usage of paper cannot be ignored and this awareness is bound to bring about changes in the paper industry for the better. It is a well known fact that the use of plastic is being objected to these days. The reason being, there are few plastics which do not possess the property of being degradable, as such, use of plastic is being discouraged. Wood timber forms the major raw material in the Indian paper industry. Therefore, forests determine the extent to which the Indian paper industry can flourish. The Paper industry is a priority sector for foreign collaboration and foreign equity participation upto 100% receives automatic approval by Reserve Bank of India. Several fiscal incentives have also been provided to the paper industry, particularly to those mills which are based on non-conventional raw material. Few Indian Major Players are as under Chadha Papers Ltd. Circar Paper Mills Ltd. Coral Newsprints Ltd. Dadrawala Papers Ltd. Danalakshmi Paper Mills Pvt. Ltd. Eggro Paper Moulds Ltd. Ellora Paper Mills Ltd. Gateway Speciality Papers Ltd. Gaurav Paper Mills Ltd. Hindustan Paper Corpn. Ltd. Khanna Paper Mills Ltd. Mukerian Papers Ltd. Mysore Paper Mills Ltd. Nagaland Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd. Nath Pulp & Paper Mills Ltd. R T Paper Boards Ltd. Rajalakshmi Paper Mills Ltd. Rama Paper Mills Ltd. Rohit Tissue Ltd. Sai Rayalseema Paper Mills Ltd. Sangal Papers Ltd. Satia Industries Ltd. Shiva Paper Mills Ltd. Shree Bhawani Paper Mills Ltd. Shree Industries Ltd. Shree Rajeshwaranand Paper Mills Ltd. Shree Vindhya Paper Mills Ltd. Sri Vishnu Annamalaiyar Paper Mills Ltd. Surya Chandra Paper Mills Ltd. Tamil Nadu Newsprint & Papers Ltd. Vidarbha Paper Mills Ltd.
Plant capacity: 1,50,000 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: Rs. 38424 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: Rs 49107 Lakhs
Return: 25.00%Break even: 42.00%
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Animal Feed from Bagasse - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

The increase in population and rapid growth in world economies will lead to an enormous increase in demand for animal products, a large part of which will be from developing countries. Future hopes of feeding the millions and safeguarding their food security will depend on the enhanced and efficient utilization of alternative feed resources that cannot be used as food for humans. In addition, a large area of land in the world is degraded, barren or marginal and the amount is increasing every year. This also calls for identification and introduction of new and lesser known plants capable of growing in poor soils, which can play a vital role in the control of soil erosion in addition to providing food and feed. Application of agro-industrial by-products in bioprocesses may serve a dual role in providing alternative substrates, and help to reduce environmental pollution that their disposal may otherwise cause. Bioconversion of fibrous materials by solid-state fermentation (SSF) has received increasing interest in producing animal feeds due to its lower energy requirement, low effluent generation, and direct applicability of the fermented products for feeding and partly because of environmental concerns regarding the disposal of solid wastes. Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous residue of sugarcane stalks left over after the crushing and extraction of the juice. Bagasse with its low ash (2.4%) content offers numerous advantages in comparison to other crop residues such as rice straw and wheat straw which have 17.5 and 11.0% ash contents respectively, for usage in bioconversion processes using microbial cultures. In addition, bagasse can be considered as a rich solar energy reservoir due to its high yields (about 80 t/ha in comparison to about 1, 2 and 20 t/ha for wheat, other grasses and trees, respectively) and annual regeneration capacity. One potential use of the bagasse is as a feedstuff for domestic ruminants. Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous residue of sugarcane stalks left over after the crushing and extraction of the juice. Bagasse with its low ash (2.4%) content offers numerous advantages in comparison to other crop residues such as rice straw and wheat straw which have 17.5 and 11.0% ash contents respectively, for usage in bioconversion processes using microbial cultures. In addition, bagasse can be considered as a rich solar energy reservoir due to its high yields (about 80 t/ha in comparison to about 1, 2 and 20 t/ha for wheat, other grasses and trees, respectively) and annual regeneration capacity. Although some commercial uses for the surplus bagasse have been developed, its accumulation causes a serious waste problem for the sugar industry. Several researchers reported that the use of a direct fed microbial such as A. oryzae increased DM digestibility of high concentrate diets through enhanced fiber digestion as well as DM intake of TMR or silage and milk production. More recently, it has been suggested that the A. awamori not only induces a degradation of shochu distillery by-product with wheat bran and the conversion of the mixture into animal feed, but also improves fiber digestibility to some degree when adding 5 to 20% of the fermented feed to formula feed for beef cattle Kagoshima, Japan. Market Survey The demand for food of animal origin is increasing in India due to economic growth, population growth and urbanisation, which in turn means greater use of cereals and oilseeds for animal feed. This is a trend in most developing countries. India is going through a livestock revolution. In the past two decades the increase in demand were coped mainly by expanding livestock population. However, declining land areas per agricultural population forces India to intensify livestock production. Today, we are faced with an extraordinary set of challenges of increasing food production of animal origin with all the other limitations like land, water, weather etc and the question is how would we meet these demands. We also have another challenge that the food we produce has to be highly cost efficient to make it more sustainable. There animal husbandry is divided into three major industries: India has one of the largest populations of cattle in the world and ranks number one in milk production. The country produces about 80 million tons of milk per annum with an annual per capita consumption of 240 g/day. The dairy industry is spread across the whole country and it is growing at an annual growth rate of 5%. Milk is from cows or buffaloes and the buffalo breeds produce milk with a fat content of 7 to 8% compared to cow's milk, which has a fat content of 4%. Most of the feed comes from grazing although a small portion of concentrate feed containing various feed additives for enhancing milk production is being given to cattle. Most of the feed manufacturers in India make both poultry as well as cattle feed. The demand for usage of cattle feed will grow if the feed is economically viable. The challenge is to make a nutritionally competent feed using low-grade fibrous crop residues, which are mainly by products from other industries along with feed additives. Cattle feeding practices are very traditional. Farmers choose their own ingredients and prepare their own formulations. The productivity of cattle is very low because of poor genetic makeup and so there is a limitation of using high quality feed. About 10% of the cattle herd is of the cross bred varieties but this is slowly increasing and more and more crossbred population of either Jersey or Holstein-Friesian are coming into existence. In the coming years pure bred varieties also could increase. In the past several decades, marked changes in livestock production have paralleled shifts in farm animal feed formulation. Bolstered by spikes in feed prices and increasing demand from downstream farm supplies wholesalers, the Farm Animal Food Production industry's revenue has increased at an annualized rate of 3.7% to $31.7 billion during the past five years. Global population growth and expansion of developing economies have further boosted demand for meat, requiring greater supply of feeds to match growing production. Despite a decline in per capita meat consumption in the United States, demand for farm animal feed was maintained by downstream industries, such as dairy farms. Consequently, industry revenue is expected to rise another 1.5% during 2012.... Purchase to read more Asia is expected to hold nearly 29% of the animal feed additives market by 2016.
Plant capacity: 30,000 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: Rs. 222 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: Rs 1070 Lakhs
Return: 26.00%Break even: 48.00%
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Fly Ash Beneficiation - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

Fly ash, also known as flue-ash, is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants, and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash. Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO) but may include toxic constituents in quantities from trace amounts to several percent such as: arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium, along with dioxins and PAH compounds. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now requires that it be captured prior to release. In the US, fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is recycled, often used to supplement Portland cement in concrete production. Market Survey It is estimated that the total mineral wealth of flyash is approx. of the order of Rs.30,000 crore/year which is expected to grow 2.5 times by the end of the century. Significance of this area could well be understood from the fact that, just 1 million ton of flyash if put to use for different high value added applications has the potential of yielding a total turnover of Rs.500 crore per year. By contrast, if the same amount of flyash is to be used for say manufacturing of bricks, the total output may be to the tune of just Rs.25 crore. Current market investigation on the utilization of various flyash & application in the country is virtually absent for commercial applications. It can be concluded that currently there is a negligible market for these products though the potential may be substantial. The market prospects for high value added product is not easy to determine as the product is not in commercial use and the technology is in its early stages of commercialization. However, the market potential has been indicated for the products, that it may substitute in future. The total market potential that exists for high value added products by 2000 AD is estimated to be Rs.5000 crore. The actual market size has been estimated for metal extraction under two different scenarios assuming setting up of a 1 lakh ton and 1 million ton flyash processing plant.
Plant capacity: 150000 Lakh Nos. /annumPlant & machinery: 435 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: 1217 Lakhs
Return: 29.00%Break even: 49.00%
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Activated Carbon (From Coconut Shell) - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities

Activated carbon shows high absorptivity for gases, vapors and colloidal solids in either the gas ion or liquid phase. It is available in many forms such as pellets, granules and in powder form. Activated carbon is very important chemical, has wide application and employed by numerous industries which require absorption of certain gases and vapors in purification, in catalytic chemical reactions, decolorisation of vegetable oil and sugar solutions. Activated carbons have a large surface area, liquid phase activated carbons are light in weight, fluffy powder while gas phase activated carbons are hard and are in the form of pellets. Many carbons of industrial value are prepared from coal and from organic vegetable and animal matter. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of different forms of activated carbon such as, Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation; Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, tanbark waste, coconut pericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, cocoa been shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp liquor, and filter press mud from sugar factories etc. Uses & Application • For Purification of liquids: the powdered form of activated carbon is added to the liquid to be purified and the mixture is agitated and finally filtered. • Granulated activated carbons are used for purification of gases or liquids and are used in a vertical carbon packed column. • Removing or improving the color and flavor of edible materials, such as agar, beer, cider, wines whisky, vinegar, fruit juices, gelatin, pectin, and cocoa butter. • Removing color, odor grease and colloids from dry cleaning fluids such as naphtha, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, etc. • Dephenolizing effluent gas works liquor. • Removing oil and grease from boiler feed water and electroplating solutions. • Recovering iodine from sea water, and bromine from brines, • Reclaiming aniline, benzene, phenol, and camphor from trade wastes. • Preparation of biological products like vitamins hormones, and enzymes. • Activated carbons have been used as carriers for catalyst in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are used as catalytic dehydrogenation agents in the production of ketones from higher alcohols. • Gas adsorbent carbon is employed for the recovery of gasoline from natural gas. • It is also used for the removal of hydrogen sulphide from town gas, for purification of carbon dioxide from distillery gases, and for the maintenance of vacuum in containers for liquid air and, generally in vacuum flasks. • Activated carbon is used in the preparation of pills and digestive tablets, utilized in the treatment of ailments of the stomach due to hyper acidity, its large doses, either alone or mixed with Karoline, are administered for diarrhea. • It is used as a dressing for suppurating wounds, used as an antidote to various forms of poisoning, especially those due to mercury salts strychnine, phenol, morphine, atropine, oxalic acid, mushroom, and poisons for which other antidotes are not available. Market Survey The activated carbon industry consists of more than 50 units spread countrywide most of which are in small-scale industrial sector (SSI Sector). Of the total number of units in operation, only 10 to 12 units cater to the national market while the other serve the local or regional markets. In general activated carbon is manufactured in the northern region from wood charcoal (mostly made from pinewood) whereas in the southern region, it is made from charcoal of the hard shell of coconut. The domestic market for activated carbon is fast expanding with rapid growth of several end user industries. The demand from the vegetable oil industry – the largest consumer of activated carbon is 24,000 tones. The capacity utilization ratio is reported to around 85%. In such circumstances effected by higher demand as compared to shorter supply, end user industries have to depend partially on the imports and partially on the lower consumption of activated carbon at their units. The demand for carbon black is going up in India, due to the steady rise in automobile sales and its direct correlation with the tyre industry. Total installed carbon black capacity in India now stands at 700,000MT. With a brisk pick-up in the tyre sector, demand for carbon black is expected to increase 8% to 10% per annum in the domestic market. Global Demand:- The global activated carbon industry is estimated to be around 1.1 million metric ton. Demand for virgin activated carbon is expected to rise by around 10% annually through 2014, worldwide. The global activated carbon market was worth $1.8 billion in 2011 and is estimated to reach $3 billion by 2016, growing at a CAGR of 11.1% from 2011 to 2016. The demand for activated carbon (AC) is expected to grow due to the new demand in mercury control technology for industrial air purification applications. Demand for activated carbon in mercury control applications alone is forecast to grow more than fivefold to 520 million pounds. Since powdered activated carbon (PAC) is overwhelmingly the product type used in mercury control technology, the PAC segment will expand to account for two-thirds of US product demand in 2014 in volume terms. Granular activated carbon (GAC) types will see strong gains through 2014 as well, due primarily to expanded use of activated carbon filter systems in municipal drinking water treatment. World demand for virgin activated carbon is forecast to expand an impressive 9.0 percent per annum through 2014 to 1.7 million metric tons. The US represents the largest national market for activated carbon in the world. ? Current world demand for carbon black is estimated to be 10.4 million tones a year against an installed capacity of 14.26 million tones indicating supply is outstripping demand. According to industry sources, global carbon black capacity is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.3% between 2011 and 2015 even as demand is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5%. Demand for carbon black in overseas markets, particularly the US and Japan, has started picking up in the recent past, with China, India, and Central and Eastern Europe showing much higher demand. Few Major Players are listed below: Indo German Carbons Ltd. Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. Triton Laboratories Ltd.
Plant capacity: 1500 MT/annumPlant & machinery: 157 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: 380 Lakhs
Return: 47.00%Break even: 40.00%
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Animal Feed from Bagasse - Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics

The demand for food of animal origin is increasing in India due to economic growth, population growth and urbanization, which in turn means greater use of cereals and oilseeds for animal feed. India is going through a livestock revolution. India has one of the largest populations of cattle in the world and ranks number one in milk production. The dairy industry is spread across the whole country and it is growing at an annual growth rate of 5%. Most of the feed comes from grazing although a small portion of concentrate feed containing various feed additives for enhancing milk production is being given to cattle. Most of the feed manufacturers in India make both poultry as well as cattle feed. The demand for usage of cattle feed will grow if the feed is economically viable. The challenge is to make a nutritionally competent feed using low-grade fibrous crop residues, which are mainly by products from other industries along with feed additives. Bolstered by spikes in feed prices and increasing demand from downstream farm supplies wholesalers, the Farm Animal Food Production industry's revenue has increased at an annualized rate of 3.7% to $31.7 billion during the past five years. Global population growth and expansion of developing economies have further boosted demand for meat, requiring greater supply of feeds to match growing production. It is expected that Asia will hold nearly 29% of the animal feed additives market by 2016.
Plant capacity: 30,000 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: Rs. 222 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: Rs 1070 Lakhs
Return: 26.00%Break even: 48.00%
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Activated Carbon From Coconut Shell, Rice Husk & Saw Dust

The Activated Carbon industry consists of more than 60 units spread countrywide, most of which are in the unorganized small-scale industrial sector. Due to its increasing demand worldwide, more and more units have expanded operations to cater mainly to the international market. The global activated carbon industry is estimated to be around 1.1 million metric ton. Demand for virgin activated carbon is expected to rise by around 10% annually through 2014, worldwide. The U.S is the largest market, which will also pace global growth based on anticipated new federal regulations mandating mercury removal at coal-fired power plants. The global activated carbon market was worth $1.8 billion in 2011 and is estimated to reach $3 billion by 2016, growing at a CAGR of 11.1% from 2011 to 2016. The powdered and granular activated carbon segments are the key revenue generators for the activated carbon market. There is good domestic and export potential for leather products. New entrepreneurs can well venture into this sector Few Major Players are named as under: Indo German Carbons Ltd. Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. Triton Laboratories Ltd.
Plant capacity: 300 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: Rs.93 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project: 293 Lakhs
Return: 24.00%Break even: 55.00%
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