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Investment Opportunities & Business Ideas in Nigeria, West Africa - Identification and Selection of right Project, Thrust areas for Investment, Industry Startup and Entrepreneurship Projects

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LUBE OIL BLENDING BASED ON IMPORTED BASE OIL - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities

Lube oil is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear. They may also have the function of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat. Lubricants today are classified into two major groups: Automotive lubricants and Industrial lubricants. One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Practically lube oil contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefin, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc. The basic functions of a lubricant are friction and wear reduction, heat removal and contaminant suspension. Apart from important application in internal combustion engines, vehicles and industrial gear boxes, compressors, turbines or hydraulic systems, there are vast numbers of other applications, which mostly require specifically tailored lubricants. Designing a lubricant to perform above stated functions in different systems is a complex task, involving a careful balance of properties both in the lube base stocks and the performance enhancing additives. Between 5000 and 10000 different lubricant formulations are necessary to satisfy more than 90% of all lubricant applications. India is the sixth largest consumer of lubricants in the world. Each one of the vast contingent of 22 Multinationals and a total of 80 big & small players are vying for a pie of Rs.5, 500 Crore market. Worldwide established brands, some of them albeit new to India, like Shell, Mobil, Caltex, Elf, Pennzoil are fighting it out with established Indian brands like SERVO & others to establish their foothold in the 6th largest lubricant market in the World. Compared to the average World consumption of 35 Million tonnes per annum & Asia-Pacific region consumption of 7.5 million tones, the Indian lube industry with annual demand of 1 million tonnes is just behind Japan and China in Asia having a demand growth rate of 4% compared to the World growth rate ranging between zero to 2%. That is the lube industry in India today. The current lubricants market is estimated to be of Rs. 60 billion. The automotive lubricants market in India was controlled by the four major public sector oil companies such as major public sector oil companies such as Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and a handful of private companies such as Castrol, Tidewater, and others until 1992. Following liberalization, major policy initiatives were taken and which, encouraged foreign companies to invest in India. Companies are adopting a more customer-oriented approach where they are likely to focus on creating brand awareness through print and visual media. For example promotional campaigns and trade shows offering gifts to their customers are methods of driving sales of automotive lubricants. The original equipment segment and retail trade are the two major marketing channels in the Indian automotive lubricants market. Due to the growing competition, tie-ups with original equipment manufacturers (OEM) are becoming important as they reinforce the value proposition of a particular brand. There is a very good scope for new entrepreneurs in this field. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Alicid Organic Inds. Ltd. Anand Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Asia Refinery Ltd. Atreya Petrochem Ltd. Bharat Shell Ltd. Burmah Petro Products Ltd. Caltex Lubricants India Ltd. Castrol India Ltd. Chemoleums Ltd. Continental Petroleums Ltd. Gantley Speciality Products Ltd. Gujarat Indo-Lube Ltd. Gujarat Oiland Inds. Ltd. Gujarat Speciality Lubes Ltd. Gulf Carosserie India Ltd. Gulf Oil Corpn. Ltd. Gulf Oil India Limited Gulf Oil India Ltd. Houghton Hardcastle (I) Ltd. Iccon Oil & Specialities Ltd. Iftex Oil & Chemicals Ltd. Indian Additives Ltd. Indian Oil Blending Ltd. Lubrizol India Pvt. Ltd. M P Petrochem Ltd. Madras Petrochem Ltd. Motorol (India) Ltd. Motorol Speciality Oils Ltd. Nandan Petrochem Ltd. Panama Petrochem Ltd. Paras Lubricants Ltd. Pennzoil-Quaker State India Ltd. Petrosil Lubricants Ltd. Powerlink Oil Refinery Ltd. Raj Lubricants (Madras) Ltd. Raj Petroleum Products Ltd. Renaissance Petrolube Ltd. Sagar Petroleums Ltd. Sah Petroleums Ltd. Savita Oil Technologies Ltd. Southern Refineries Ltd. Speciality Petrolubes Ltd. Stanrose Mafatlal Lubechem Ltd. Starol Petroleum Ltd. Sunstar Lubricants Ltd. Tata B P Lubricants India Ltd. Tide Water Oil Co. (India) Ltd. Total Lubricants India Ltd. Unique Oils India Ltd. Universal Petrochemicals Ltd. Valvoline Cummins Ltd. Velloils Lubricants & Petrochem Ltd. Waxpol Industries Ltd.
Plant capacity: 15000 Kls./AnnumPlant & machinery: 142 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project : 804 Lakhs
Return: 43.00%Break even: 51.00%
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SORBITOL - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics

Sorbitol, a polyol (sugar alcohol), is a bulk sweetener. Sorbitol is produced either from starch hydrolysates, from dextrose syrup, or from dextrose monohydrate. It is a water soluble polyhydric alcohol, having sweet taste and high stability besides properties of humectancy and plasticizing. Sorbitol is about 60 percent as sweet as sucrose with one-third fewer calories. It finds a wide range of application such as oral care, cosmetics, pharma, paints, etc. Sorbitol also combines well with other food ingredients such as sugars, gelling agents, proteins and vegetable fats. It functions well in many food products such as chewing gums, candies, frozen desserts, cookies, cakes, icings and fillings. It is used to manufacture toothpaste, tonics/liquid pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetic products like face creams and lotions, etc. It has a smooth mouthfeel with a sweet, cool and pleasant taste. It is non-cariogenic and may be useful to people with diabetes. In pharmaceutical sector it finds application in vitamin syrups, cough syrups, tablet compounding and many others. A newly developing outlet for sorbitol is its use in producing clarifying agents for polypropylene. Clarifying agents enable polypropylene to substitute for higher cost polymers in food packaging, drinking cups and housewares. Sorbitol meant for other applications, be it food, hygiene products or pharmaceuticals, can be of the "non-crystallizing" type and is produced from starch hydrolysates. Sorbitol is produced either from starch hydrolysates, from dextrose syrup, or from dextrose monohydrate. Sorbitol is manufactured by reaction with hydrogen gas with high pressure hydrogenation of 50% aqueous dextrose solution at 140 to 165 Deg C in 3 to 4 hours with Raney nickel catalyst, using promoters such as salts of magnesium, nickel, molybdenum, iron etc. Generally dextrose is produced in house from Starch by enzymatic process The Indian demand is around 90000 tonnes per annum. In India, Sorbitol is produced only as 70% solution and the operating capacity is around 125900 tonnes per annum. The global demand is around 1.6 million tonnes per annum (both liquid and crystalline) with a growth rate of around 3% per annum. Major Manufacturers • Anil Products Ltd.,Ahmedabad • Gulshan Polyols (Gulshan Sugars & Chemicals Ltd.,) Delhi • Maize Products,Ahmedabad • Gujarat Ambuja Proteins Ltd. Ahmedabad • Sukhjit Starch Chemicals, Punjab • Kasyap Sweetners Ltd., Madhya Pradesh • Roquette America, Inc.US • Atanor S.A.USA • Coyne Chemical,USA • Habib Arkady Ltd.,Pakistan • Mudanjiang Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd.China • Pt Sumi Asih Oleochemical Industry,China • Shanghai Haohua Chemical Co., Ltd.Shanghai,China Sorbitol’s good taste, reduced caloric value, versatility and other advantages facilitate its use in a wide variety of products. With the increasing demand for products reduced in calories or fat, sorbitol’s use should increase as well. Considering the application potentials of sorbitol and the feasibility of exploiting the export opportunities, creation of new capacity for Sorbitol can be considered in the country.
Plant capacity: 40.0 Tonnes/DayPlant & machinery: 1
Working capital: N/AT.C.I: 1
Return: 1.00%Break even: 1.00%
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MODIFIED STARCH - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Layout

Starches are modified to enhance their performance in different applications. Starches may be modified to increase their stability against excessive heat, acid, shear, time, cooling, or freezing; to change their texture; to decrease or increase their viscosity; to lengthen or shorten gelatinization time; or to increase their viscostability. Modified starches, starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch, thereby changing the properties of the starch. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrater; or in paper as a binder .Carboxymethyl starch is used as an additive in oil drilling mud. Starches, especially modified starches, are also used as glues in cardboard manufacturing. Starches such as Gum Arabic and Gum Tragacanth are used as the glue for stamps and postal envelopes. They are also used in many other applications. The major Application Sector of modified starches is paper, oil drilling, textile, food / pharmaceutical, etc. Thus starch can be used in numerous possible functional application areas, including adhesion, antistaling, binding, clouding, dusting, emulsion stabilization, encapsulation, flowing aid, foam strengthening, gelling, glazing, moisture retention, molding, shaping, stabilizing and thickening. There are many types of important modified starch. To name a few some of them are physically modified starch, chemically modified starch and enzymatically modified starch. Starches can be modified in several ways to change their function as additives in products. They can be cross-linked, where the chains get stuck together into a mesh. They can be heated to break the long chains down into simpler molecules like dextrin, polydextrin, and maltodextrin. These are simply short starches. Starches can have hydrogen replaced by something else, such as a carboxymethyl group, making carboxymethyl starch. Some Indian manufacturers Gujarat Ambuja Proteins Ltd, Ahmedabad Sahyadri Starch & Chemicals (P) Ltd., Bangalore Tirupati Starch & Chem Ltd., Indore SPA Starch & Chemicals, Mumbai Karandikars Cashell Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai Universal Starch & Chemicals Ltd, Maharashtra The growth rate in demand for Starch/Modified starch is likely to be in tune with the performance and growth rate of downstream sector in the coming years. The Indian demand for the last financial year was around 75000tonnes per annum. The global production of starch is around 37 million tonnes per annum and the global demand is around 4 million tonnes per annum for modified starch. A number of potential applications of modified starch have not been exploited to a large extent. For example, modified starch can be used in various food applications as instant noodles, ham sausages, flavouring, frozen foods, beverages, ice-cream etc. Modified starch also can find application in biodegradable plastics and bioplastics, which is used in packaging, agricultural films, disposable cutlery. There is good potential for modified starch in food applications and prospects for growth seem bright. New entrepreneurs have a very good scope for exploration into such segments.
Plant capacity: -Plant & machinery: -
Working capital: -T.C.I: -
Return: 1.00%Break even: N/A
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PRECIPITATED SILICA FROM RICE HUSK ASH - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities

Rice husk is an agricultural residue easily available in rice producing countries. India is a major rice producing country, and the husk generated during milling is mostly used as a fuel in the boilers for processing paddy, producing energy through direct combustion & or by gasification. The rice husk contains about 75% organic volatile matter & the balance 25% of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is known as rice husk ash (RHA). This RHA in tern contains around 85%–92% amorphous silica. About more 20 million tones of RHA are produced annually in India. Generally rice husk is not used as cattle feed since its cellulose & other sugar contents are low. So the RHA produced is a great environment threat causing damage to the land & the surrounding area in which it is dumped. Lots of ways are being through off for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. Silica is one of the valuable inorganic chemical compounds. It can exist in gel, crystalline and amorphous forms. It is the most abundant material in the earth’s crust. Silica is the major constituent of rice husk ash. With such a large ash content & silica content in the ash it becomes economical to extract silica from the ash, which has wide market & also takes care of ash disposal. Precipitated Silica (also called particulate silica) is composed of aggregates of ultimate particles of colloidal size that have not become linked in massive gel network during the preparation process. It is an amorphous form of silica; the word amorphous denotes a lack or crystal structure, as defined by x-ray diffraction. Early interest in amorphous silica was purely academic. The ash produced after the husks have been burned is high in silica. RHA can be used in a variety of application like: green concrete, high performance concrete, ceramic glaze, water proofing chemicals, roofing shingles, insulator, specialty paints, flame retardants, carrier for pesticides, insecticides & bio fertilizers etc. Precipitated silica is also used as filler for paper & rubber, as a carrier & diluents for agricultural chemicals, as an anti caking agent, to control viscosity & thickness and as a cleansing agent in toothpastes & in cosmetics. The distinguishing feature of the growth of precipitated silica industry in India is that it has classifiably flourished in the small-scale sector. Readily available new materials low capital investment & high rates of return offer a distinct advantage to the small-scale manufacturers to venture into this field. There is a very good scope in this sector. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Gujrat Multi Gas Base Chemicals Private Limited Gujarat Multi Gas Base Chemicals Private Limited, Mumbai Manswill Chemicals Private Limited Wellink Chemical Industrial Company Limited, Nanping Insilco Limited Famous Minerals and Chemicals Private Limited Gujarat Silicon Pvt. Ltd.
Plant capacity: 600 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: 53 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: 273 Lakhs
Return: 43.00%Break even: 47.00%
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INSULATOR - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics

Electricity play a vital role in the development and growth of Agriculture and Industry, As such, it is a high priority item for all the developing or developed nations. For the generation and distribution of Electricity, High Tension Insulators are an important adjusts. The substances, which strongly oppose flow of electrons through them, are termed as insulators. Traditional ceramics consists of all the products made from clay or silicates. Ceramics today may be defined broadly as any non-metallic inorganic substance in the solid state, normally complex compound but occasionally simple oxides. Even a single element like carbon is an example of not only ceramics but also of a refractory product. Low-tension insulators are used for A.C. & D.C. power supplies of not more than 600 volts. Low tensions insulators are manufactured in both glazed and unglazed insulators are quite satisfactory. Insulators required for use in humid atmosphere are invariably glazed. Glazed insulators are used in lighting arrestors in radio receivers, telephone and utility outfits and neon signs. Some L.T. insulators like nail knobs, tubes & cleats are glazed on one side. Voltage above 1000 Volts is generally considered as high tension for long distance Electric power transmission; high voltage is essential because it reduces the cross/section and, therefore, the weight of the conductor required. Porcelain insulators are suitable for high tension transmission & distribution are required to be effective at high voltages and under extreme climate conditions of rain, snow, high wind of soaring heat. In India, most of the leading high voltage manufacturers are located in the Southern and Eastern regions. This is because the raw materials which are mainly special type of clays which are available in those regions only. The future demand for insulators may be estimated on the basis of the likely behaviour of following 3 sectors ie. Household sectors, Power sector & the demand for commercial and industry sectors. The demand for insulators from domestic market is estimated to increase at 5% per annum. Besides this, there is a good scope for exporting insulators. It is estimated that the demand for insulators in export market will grow at 8% per annum. Thus the demand is likely to increase by more 20000 MT during next 5 years. This provides scope for many power units in LT or lower grade of HT insulators. Atleast 20000 to 25000 MT capacity is required to be added in next 5 years. The concern of Government over safety is increasing particularly for commercial buildings will also increase the demand. However it may require suitable insulators for commercial development of buildings like cinema houses, star category hotels, auditoriums, schools and colleges etc., There is a good scope and good potential in this sector and new entrepreneurs should venture into it. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Aditya Birla Insulators Ltd. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. B P L Systems & Projects Ltd. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Deco-Mica Ltd. Goldstone Infratech Ltd. Hindusthan Vidyut Products Ltd. Lakshmi Porcelains Ltd. Marathwada Ceramic Complex Ltd. Modern Insulators Ltd. P E C Ltd. Punjab Ceramics Ltd. Samrakshana Electricals Ltd. Seshasayee Industries Ltd. Vijay Solvex Ltd. W S Industries (India) Ltd.
Plant capacity: 2500 MT/Annum (Insulator)Plant & machinery: 54 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: 250 Lakhs
Return: 45.00%Break even: 42.00%
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FLOAT GLASS - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics

Glass is one of man's most valuable and versatile materials. About 700 different compositions are in thousands use. These are fabricated into tens of thousands of different articles that have combinations of properties for about a thousand essentially different uses. Glass is formed from those elements such as silicon, boron, phosphorous and arsenic that can be converted into glass when combined with oxygen, sulphur, tellurium or selenium. A common glass contains about 70% SiO2. Sodium carbonate or soda ash decomposes, to sodium oxides as the batch of raw material melts. Consequently it acts as a flux. The carbon dioxide given off helps to stir the batch, and the oxide lowers the melting point (and the viscosity of the formed glass at any given temperature). Flat glass industry has developed world wide since the float glass process started in the 1980s. It is well known fact all over the world that the best quality glass can be produced with the help of the float glass technology. There are no waves and distortion in the sheet glass manufacturing with the help of float glass technology, is the final product is free of all defects. The float glass sector is having a rapid development on production process, product yield, variety and above all quality. Currently float glass production has accounted for more than 70% of total output. However, at the same time of bolting the vertical upwards process, and developing float glass, the market contradictions of the demand for thin glass have also emerged. The industrial structure of the glass sector in India has been optimized continuously. Diversified new technologies and new products have been developed and glass-processing technology is developing rapidly. In the past, flat glass was used as a transparent material only, but now a days, its multiple functions have been opened out, such as light control, thermal regulation, energy saving, noise control, decoration and environment beautification. The total float glass manufactured in India is approximately 1million tons per annum and almost 77 per cent are consumed domestically. The demand for the float glass, barring the economic slowdown in 2008-09, is increased at a CAGR of 15-20 per cent during the last 2-3 years against the global growth rate around 4 per cent. The total size of the net float glass industry is around 4000 tonnes a day and around 67 percent constitutes clear float glass. Currently, the float glass industry is growing at a healthy rate of 18 percent buoyed by demand for both architectural and automotive glass. There is a huge market for float glass in the country resulting from the growing realty and auto sectors. Also, the extremely low per capita consumption of only 0.7 kg in India as compared to average of 8-10 kg in other developing economies is a tremendous potential for growth of this industry. The glass industry is rapidly transforming. There is a very good scope for new entrepreneurs to venture into this field.
Plant capacity: -Plant & machinery: -
Working capital: -T.C.I: -
Return: 1.00%Break even: N/A
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OSSEIN/GELATIN - Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Plant Layout

Gelatin is a pure colorless water-soluble glutinous protein derived from natural sources such as the hides and bones of animals (cattle, pig, fish, and poultry). Gelatin is a nearly complete protein lacking only one essential amino acid-tryptophan. It is free of fat, cholesterol and preservatives. Gelatin is considered GRAS, Generally Recognized as Safe, according the FDA. Ossein is the organic matter of animal bones that are rich in collagen. Generally hydrochloric acid is used in extracting ossein from bones and ossein is used for the production of gelatin. The largest use of gelatin is in the food industry, primarily in candies, desserts and dairy products. Gelatin has many physical characteristics that make it suitable for food applications. These characteristics are its melt-in-the-mouth feel, its ability to form thermo reversible gels, and its clarity and bland flavor. Another use of gelatin is in the pharmaceutical industry for hard and soft capsule manufacture, health supplements and micro-encapsulation. Gelatin protects the active pharmaceutical ingredients from exposure to air, light and moisture. Gelatin is also used in the manufacture of photographic products where it’s uniquely suited for the preparation of silver emulsions. There are also a myriad of other applications that use gelatin such as millinery, industrial products, art supplies and scientific research. Gelatin is available in a granular, powder or leaf form. Leaf gelatin is mainly used in culinary applications. Gelatin is produced through a series of processing steps that include demineralization, hydrolysis, extraction, evaporation, purification, drying and blending. Depending on the raw materials used, processing can take anywhere from two weeks to two months. Demand for gelatin is largely driven by the application in soft and hard gelatine capsules. Gelatin capsules are used as oral dosage form in pharmaceutical and neutraceutical feed. The Indian demand is around 12500 tonnes both for the Pharmaceutical and neutraceutical sector (for gelatine capsules) including tablet coating and Food, edible and technical sector. The global demand for gelatine is around 315000 tonnes per annum with a growth rate of around 2% per annum. New entrepreneurs should venture into this field to create new capacities.
Plant capacity: -Plant & machinery: -
Working capital: -T.C.I: -
Return: 1.00%Break even: N/A
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GOOD FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR MAIZE PROCESSING & ITS ALLIED PRODUCTS (STARCH, LIQUID GLUCOSE, DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE, DEXTROSE ANYHDROUS, SORBITOL AND VITAMIN C)

Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most important cereals of the world and provides more human food than any other cereal. Starch is a group of polysaccharides, composed of glucopyranose units joined together by glucosidric linkages. It conforms to the molecular formula, (C6 H10O5)n, where n varies from a few hundred to over one million. Starch is found as the reserve carbohydrate in various parts of plants and is enzymatically broken down to glucose to other carbohydrates according to the metabolic needs of the plants. Industrially, starch is broadly divided into two types viz., natural and modified. Natural starches also designated as unmodified starches or simply starches, are obtained from grains such as sorghum. Starch is also obtained from roots like potato, tapioca and arrowroot, and from the pith of the stems of certain palms such as sago. They are further classified into cereal starches and root starches. The characteristics of the natural starches are changed by chemical or enzymatic action and the products of these reactions are termed modified starches. This group includes dextrins, acid-modified starches, oxidized starches, starch esters, starch ethers, dialdehyde starches, and cationic starches. The roots of tapioca plant (manihot utilissima) forms one of the major sources of starch, ranking next to potato. The starch content of the plant varies between 12 and 33 per cent. The cereal starches, such as maize, wheat, rice and sorghum, are recovered by several processes, of which the wet milling is by far the most important. Starch is an absorbent for water. Starch and Glucose can be used in different end use industries such as in the manufacture of adhesives, sizing and finishing in textiles, thickening agents in gravies, custards, and confectioneries. Sizing papers, Cosmetics, explosives, reagent, face powders, indicators in domestic analysis, water soluble packaging films, book bindings fabrics, distilled liquors, malt sugar, cattle feed ingredient, rubber reinforcing resins etc. Starch in India is mainly used for cotton textile industry, paper and paper products, Biscuits and confectioneries and glucose and dextrose. Commercially glucose is produced from starch only and these two products are generally made in the same unit side by side. One tonnes of glucose needs 1.1 tonne of starch. About 90% of the liquid glucose produced in India is consumed by the confectionery industry. Liquid Glucose and Dextrose are the products of same origin, in liquid form and the late in powder form. Glucose powder (dextrose) is used an invalid food for pharmaceutical purposes. Aqueous isotonic solution (5%) of dextrose is given as intravenous infections to increase the volume of circulating blood shocks and hemorrhage and to counteract dehydration. Vitamin C is a strong monobasic acid and it is used as a powerful reducing agent in neutral and acidic solutions. It is also used medicine. It is an excellent nutritional agent. It is an antioxidant and a preservative in foodstuffs. It is used as a reducing agent in analytical chemistry. The ferric and calcium salts are available for biochemical research. It is also available as the sodium salt. Sorbitol is an organic chemical having varied end uses. It is edible non-crystalline, odorless white powder and having sweet cooling taste. It is highly soluble in water, and slightly in methyl alcohol. In the case of India, starch is being produced from Maize and tapioca. The units producing starch from maize are concentrated in large sector; and the units producing starch from tapioca are largely concentrated in the small-scale sector. There are many units as at present in the country producing starch from Maize and three units producing starch from Tapioca in the organized sector. The capacity for starch from Maize accounts for more than 80 per cent of the installed capacity in the organized sector. As against the organized sector, there are a number of units in the small and cottage sector producing starch mainly from tapioca. As regards glucose it is produced in solid as well as liquid form. The production of glucose is not possible in the small sector and therefore its production is not as widely spread as that of starch. Eight units manufacturing starch in the organized sector also produce liquid glucose simultaneously. The demand for liquid glucose depends mainly upon the growth of medicine, the pharmaceuticals, biscuits and confectionery industries. As such 80% of the total demand for liquid glucose is absorbed by drugs and pharmaceuticals, while only 20% is used in Biscuits, Confectioneries, toothpaste etc. There is a very good scope and ample space in this sector and new entrepreneurs should venture into this field. Capacity Maize Starch 30000 MT/Annum Liquid Glucose 600 MT/Annum Dextrose Monohydrate 3900 MT/Annum Dextrose Anhydrous 3000 MT/Annum Sorbitol 17100 MT/Annum Vitamin–C 150000 Kg/Annum
Plant capacity: -Plant & machinery: 780 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project : 2590 Lakhs
Return: 42.00%Break even: 56.00%
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7 AMINOCEPHALOSPORANIC ACID (7 ACA) - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities

7 ACA or 7 Aminocephalosporanic acid is made from Cephalosporin C and is a key intermediate for synthesizing cephalosporin antibiotics, the B lactam antibiotics family. 7 ACA is a starting compound for the production of various semi-synthetic cephalosporins of different generations. These compounds are made by modification of the side chains at positions 3 and 7 of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7 ACA). It is used to produce many cepholosporins pharmaceutical bulks, such as cefazolin sodium, cefotaxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefoperazone sodium, ceftazime sodium, cefuroxime sodium and so on. Originally, the commercial processes were based on solvent extraction. 7 Aminocephalosporanic acid (7 ACA), until recently it has been produced by chemical deacylation of the natural antibiotic cephalosporin C. The disadvantage of this method is multiple steps, low yield, use of various organic solvents and treatment of a lot of toxic waste. Alternatively, 7 ACA can be produced by a simpler and more environmentally sound process using a bio-catalytic method based on DAAO and glutaryl hydrolase for enzymatic deacylation of CPC to 7 ACA. However, few enzymes capable of this direct deacylation have been discovered, probably because of the unusual nature of the D aminoadipyl side chain of cephalosporin C. Enzyme engineering is a fast growing application in the pharmaceutical market. Cephalosporin is defined as any of a group of broad-spectrum derived from species of fungi of the genus Cephalosporium and is related to the penicillins in both structure and mode of action but relatively penicillinase resistant antibiotics. These antibiotics have low toxicity for the host, considering their broad antibacterial spectrum. They have the active nucleus of beta lactam ring which results in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics when modified mainly by substitution at 3 and 7 positions. Their antibacterial activities result from the inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the cell wall. They are widely used to treat gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumococcal, staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. The cephalosporin class of antibiotics is usually divided into generations by their antimicrobial properties. Three generations of cephalosporins are recognized and the fourth has been grouped. Each newer generation of cephalosporins has broader range of activity against gram-negative organisms but a narrower range of activity against gram positive organisms than the preceding generation. The newer agents have much longer half-lives resulting in the decrease of dosing frequency. Accordingly, the third-generation cephalosporins can penetrate into tissues well, and thus antibiotic levels are good in various body fluids. The cephalosporins belong to the family of ? lactam antibiotics. These are named after the reactive moiety of the compounds, the ? lactam ring. In CPC, the four membered ? lactam ring is coupled to a six membered dihydrothiazine ring to form the nucleus, 7 aminocephalosporanic acid (7 ACA), and a side chain, ? aminoadipic acid, is coupled via an amide bond to the nucleus. The total world market for cephalosporins was estimated to be approximately 10 billion US$ in 2000, and ? lactam antibiotics in general accounting for over 65% of the world antibiotic market. According to IMS Health, cephalosporins as single preparation and in combination preparations are ranked 10 in the global drug sales in 2003 by an estimated sales of 8.3 billion US$, the highest ranking for any of the anti infectives classes. The size of the Indian pharmaceutical industry is poised to treble over the decade. It is expected to grow from about USD 6.3 billion in 2005 to about USD 20 billion by 2015, registering a CAGR of 12.3% and outperforming the global average of 9% in 2009 to 10. In terms of scale, the Indian pharmaceutical market is the 14th largest in the world but will graduate to the top 10 by 2015, overtaking Brazil, Mexico, South Korea and Turkey. India’s growth to a USD 20 billion market by 2015 indicates that the incremental growth of USD 14 billion over the coming decade is likely to be the third highest in the world. Demand for 7 ACA is principally determined by the market sales scale of downstream products. In terms of developing trend, ceftriaxone and cefazolin were two mainstream products of 7 ACA. Therefore, the market change in these two products directly affected the change in production-sales relations of 7 ACA. After dosage conversion, according to estimate the use of 7 ACA for making certriaxone accounted for 47.7% of the total consumption of 7 ACA. Obviously, ceftriaxone had become the biggest consumer of cephalosporins raw materials of 7 ACA series, followed by cefazolin. Not only ceftriaxone boosted morale, but cefotaxime, cefazolin sodium, cefoperazone sodium, cefoperazone sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, etc were also the direct contributors of the family. At present, major players in the market include Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Fujian Fukang Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Shanxi Weiqida Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd. and Zhuhai United Labs Co. Ltd. At present there is no production of 7 ACA in the country and the demand is met by imports. There is a good scope for capacity creation in India. New entrepreneurs should venture into this sector.
Plant capacity: 150 MT/AnnumPlant & machinery: 1486 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project : 2167 Lakhs
Return: 64.00%Break even: 42.00%
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MAIZE & ITS BY-PRODUCTS - Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue

Maize is one of the main cereal grains which is produced throughout India and is placed 3rd position in agricultural base production though it is not our staple basic food. Maize is constituted by hull, germ, protein, starch and moisture. Maize is generally processed using the dry and wet milling processes. There is dry and wet milling process for manufacturing of by products such as starch, zein, germ and hulls. Starch is used in the manufacture of number of products such as starch esters, starch phosphates, glucose, dextrose, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol etc. Starch is the basic constituent of maize and it is converted to liquid glucose by adopting series of digestion steps on starch. It will be basically enzyme and acid digestion system. It may be enzyme - enzyme system or only acid digestion system. In the production of liquid glucose there is some production of dextrose anhydride. India is the fifth largest producer of maize in the world contributing 3% of the global production. In India, maize is grown in all seasons i.e., kharif, Rabi and summer. Of these three seasons, nearly 90% of the production is from kharif season, 7 to 8% during Rabi season and remaining 1 to 2% during summer season. Since the maize is rain dependent, it is mainly grown during kharif season. Presently, in India, maize is mainly used for preparation of poultry feed and extraction of starch. Out of total arrivals to the mandis nearly 75% of the produce is bought by the poultry feed manufacturers and 20% is purchased by the starch extractors. The wet milling industry in India is limited to certain pockets such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka and Chhattisgarh. There are about 17 wet milling units with a crushing capacity of about 3400 MT of maize/day. Gujarat is the largest producer of starch, having six units with a total crushing capacity of 1350 MT of maize per day, followed by Maharashtra with 5 units and capacity of 1050 MT and Madhya Pradesh with 3 units and capacity of 450 MT maize. There is a good scope to venture into this field for new entrepreneurs. Few Indian Major Players are as under: Anil Products Ltd. Anil Starch Products Ltd. Bharat Starch Inds. Ltd. English Indian Clays Ltd. Gayatri Bioorganics Ltd. Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd. Gujarat Ambuja Proteins Ltd. Gulshan Polyols Ltd. Indian Maize & Chemicals Ltd. International Bestfoods Ltd. K G Gluco Biols Ltd. Kamala Sugar Mills Ltd. Karnataka State Agro Corn Products Ltd. Laxmi Starch Ltd. Origin Agrostar Ltd. Pondicherry Agro Service & Inds. Corpn. Ltd. Rai Agro Inds. Ltd. Riddhi Siddhi Gluco Biols Ltd. Santosh Starch Ltd. Santosh Starch Products Ltd. Sayaji Industries Ltd. Sukhjit Starch & Chemicals Ltd. Tirupati Starch & Chemicals Ltd. Unique Sugars Ltd. Universal Starch-Chem Allied Ltd. Wockhardt Health Care Ltd. Cost Estimation: Capacity : 5250 MT/Annum Starch 1125 MT/Annum Liquid Glucose 4500 MT/Annum Dextrose Monohydrous 562 MT/Annum Oxidised Starch 900 MT/Annum Hull 1800 MT/Annum Zien 1050 MT/Annum Germ as by Products
Plant capacity: -Plant & machinery: 179 Lakhs
Working capital: -T.C.I: Cost of Project : 543 Lakhs
Return: 43.00%Break even: 59.00%
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  • One Crore is equivalent to ten million (10,000,000)
  • T.C.I is Total Capital Investment
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