Handbook on Soaps, Detergents & Acid Slurry (3rd Revised Edition)
Author: NIIR board |
Contents
Chemical Name of Acid Slurry
Difference Between Soft and Hard Slurry
Sulphonation of Dodecyl Benzene or Preparation of Acid Slurry
Plant & Machineries Details for Manufacturing Acid Slurry
Raw Materials for Acid Slurry
Process of Manufacture
Manufacturing Steps of Acid Slurry
The Main Advantages Using Oleum
Precautionary Measures for Handling Sulphuric acid and Oleum
Raw Material Requirements
Market Potential
Alpha Olefins
Process of Manufacturing Alpha Olefins
Reactions
2. DETERGENT MANUFACTURING (Comm. Grade)
Other Additives
Procedural details of manufacturing 'Commercial' Detergent Powders
3. DETERTENTS OF VARIOUS TYPES
Detergent Powder
Metal Cleaners
Liquid Detergents
Detergent (Nirma Type)
Detergent Cake
4. PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Classification
Anionic Detergents
Cationic Detergents
Non-ionic Detergents
Amphoterics and Zwitterionics
Biodegradability
5. INORGANIC COMPONENTS OF DETERGENTS
Builders and Other Additives
Phosphates
Silicates
Zeolites
Carbonates
Oxygen-releasing Compounds
Sundry Inorganic Builders
6. SYNTHESIS OF DETERGENTS
Raw Materials for Anionic Synthetic Detergents
Alkyl Benzene
Methyl Esters
Sulphonation of Detergent Raw Materials
Sulphonation with SO3
Sulphonation Processes
Non-ionic Detergents
Cationic Detergents
Amphoteric Detergents
7. MANUFACTURE OF FINISHED DETERGENTS
Powders
Liquid Detergents
Paste Detergents
Solid Detergents
Fabric Softners
Abrasive Cleaners
8. APPLICATION AND FORMULATION
OF DETERGENTS
Foam
Household Cleaning
Hard Surface Cleaners
Solvent Detergent
Carpet and Upholstery Cleaners
Textile Dressing
Food and Dairy Industries
Detergent Sanitizers
Metal Cleaners
Miscellaneous Cleaners
9. TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Introduction
Performance Criteria
Formulation Requirements
Approach to Product Formulation
Production of Detergent Active
Sulphonation
Additives to Detergent Actives
Production of Detergent Powder by Dry Mixing
Machine-mixing
Production of Detergent Bars
Liquid Detergents
10. MANUFACTURE OF DETERGENT PRODUCTS
Health and Safety Factors
Production Procedure
Derivation of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)
Derivation of Fatty Alcohols
Process Based on Natural Fats
Process based on Ethylene Source
Sulphonation of Lab with 98 percent Sulphuric Acid
Detergent Powder Prepared Without using Spray Dryer
(High Bulk Density)
11. LIQUID DETERGENTS
Requisites of Surfactants for Formulating Liquid Detergents
Surfactants Most Commonly Used
Builders
Viscosity Controllers
Other Ingredients
Household Liquid Detergents for Laundering
Typical Formulations
A Recommended Formulation
12. PACKAGING OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
Introduction
Packaging Material Specifications
Package Testing Methods
Other Tests
Packaged Commodities Rules
13. RAW MATERIALS (OILS AND FATS)
Classification of Fats/Oils
Some of the Most Useful, Fats and Oils
Purification of Soap Fats
Non Fatty Raw Materials for Soap
Other Additives (Foam Producers)
14. MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND
FORMULATIONS OF VARIOUS SOAPS
(A) Washing Soaps
(B) Nerol Washing Soap
(C) Toilet Soaps
(D) Carbolic Soaps
(E) Shaving Soaps
(F) Special Soaps
(G) Vaseline Soap
(H) Liquid Soap
(I) Girt Soaps
(J) Depilatory Soaps
(K) Metallic Soaps in Protective Coating Industry
(L) Liquid Dental Soap
(M) Medicated Soap
15. TECHNOLOGY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing Soap
Glycerine Recovery
Production of Laundry and Toilet Soaps
Production of Filled Soaps on the Mazzoni
Technology of Toilet Soaps
Process Control
Other Soaps
16. TECHNOLOGY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING
Health and Safety Factors
Classification of Soap Products
Methods of Manufacture
Various Finishing Methods
Production
Washing bar/cake soap from neat soap
Semi-boiling process and cold-made process
Production of washing bar/cake soap by semi-boiling/
cold -made process
Toilet soap
Medicated Soaps
Castile Soap by Boiling Process
Various Industrial Soaps
Laundry Washing Aids
More Laundry Wash Mixtures
Shaving Soaps
Shaving Cream
Liquid Soaps/Shampoos
Shampoos
Soap Shampoos
Shampoos Based on Synthetic Surfactants
General formulations
17. SOAP MAKING BY CONTINUOUS PROCESS
(Quicker Methods)
Method of Continuous Saponification of Fats by Alkali Solution.
Continuous Neutralization Process
Continuous neutralization Process Using Fatty Acids Instead of Fats
Batch Methods of Splitting Fats in to fatty Acids and Glycerol
Purification of Fatty Acids
18. CLEANSING MECHANISM
Characteristics of Soap
Saponification of Fats - The Basic Chemical Reaction Making Soap
19. DIRECTORY SECTION
List of Suppliers of Raw Material (Indigenous)
List of Plant and Machinery suppliers (Indigenous)
List of Suppliers of Raw Material (Overseas)
List of Plant and Machinery suppliers (Overseas)
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