A light emitting diode (LED) is a device which converts electrical energy in to light. LEDs are preferred light sources for short distance (local area) optical fiber network because they are inexpensive, robust and have long life (the long life of an LED is primarily due to its being a cold device, i.e. its operating temperature being much lower than that of, say, an incandescent lamp), can be modulated (i.e. switched on and off) at high speeds.

 

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

 

LEDs primarily offer advances in efficiency, controllability, and life span. The key strength of LED lighting is reduced power consumption. LED’s are available with at the most Lumen efficiency of 110 Lm/Watt compared to 65-80 Lm/Watt of CFL and FTL, 45 Lm/Watt of Mercury vapour and 75 Lm/Watt of metal halide or 94 Lm/Watt of Sodium Vapour.

 

LED tube light could replace for traditional fluorescent tubes in the following places like hotels, hospitals, factories/offices, commercial complexes conference/ meeting rooms, schools/colleges/universities, residential/institution buildings. Thus, due to demand it is a good project for entrepreneurs to invest.

 

Table of Contents

1.       Thane: District Profile & Geotechnical Site Characterization

1.1.    General

1.2.    Geography

1.3.    Climate

1.4.    Demographics

1.5.    Economy

1.6.    Transport

1.7.    Map

2.       Introduction

2.1.    Directional - Reflector Led Lamps

2.2.    Conversion Kits & Down Lights

2.3.    Exit Lamps

2.4.    Miniatures

3.       Advantages of LED

4.       Disadvantages of LED

5.       Uses & Applications

5.1.    Power Sources

5.2.    Electrical Polarity

5.3.    Safety and Health

6.       B.I.S. Specifications

6.1.    16101: 2012 General Lighting—LEDs and LED modules; Terms and Definitions.

6.2.    16103 (Part 1): 2012 Led Modules for General Lighting Part 1 Safety Requirements.

6.3.    16105: 2012 Method of Measurement of Lumen Maintenance of Solid State Light (LED) Sources.

6.4.    16108: 2012 Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems.

7.       Market Survey

7.1.    Lighting Products

7.2.    Lamps

7.3.    Market Structure

7.4.    Leading Brands

7.5.    Compact Fluorescent Lamps

7.6.    Fluorescent Tubes

8.       Financials & Comparison of Major Indian Players/Companies

8.1.    About Financial Statements of CMIE Database

8.2.    Profits & Appropriations

8.3.    Total Liabilities

8.4.    Total Assets

8.5.    Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities

8.6.    Section – I

8.6.1.Name of Company with Contact Details

8.6.2.Name of Director(S)

8.6.3.Plant Capacity

8.6.4.Location of Plant

8.6.5.Name of Raw Material(S) Consumed with Quantity & Cost

8.7.    Section – II

8.7.1.Assets

8.7.2.Cash Flow

8.7.3.Cost as % ge of Sales

8.7.4.Forex Transaction

8.7.5.Growth in Assets & Liabilities

8.7.6.Growth in Income & Expenditure

8.7.7.Income & Expenditure

8.7.8.Liabilities

8.7.9.Liquidity Ratios

8.7.10.Profitability Ratio

8.7.11.Profits

8.7.12.Return Ratios

8.7.13.Structure of Assets & Liabilities (%)

8.7.14.Working Capital & Turnover Ratios

9.       Export & Import Statistics Data of India

9.1.    Export Statistics Data for Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

9.2.    Import Statistics Data for Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

10.   Present Manufacturers

11.   Assembling Process of LED Lighting

11.1.  Parts of an LED Light

12.  Assembling Process Flow Diagram

13.  Steps for Assembling

14.  Types of LED

14.1.  Miniature

14.2.  Mid-Range

14.3.  High-Power

14.4.  AC Driven LED

15.  Suppliers of Plant & Machinery

16.  Suppliers of Raw Material

17.  Product, Raw Material & Assembling Unit Photographs

17.1.  Product

17.2.  Led Bulb Raw Material

17.3.  Led Lights Assembling Unit

18.  Quotation of Plant, Machinery and Equipments from Supplier

 

PROJECT FINANCIALS

·         Project at a Glance

Annexure

·         Assumptions for Profitability workings ….…………………………………………....................... 1

·         Plant Economics…………………………………………………………………………….................... 2

·         Production Schedule……………………………………………………………………….................... 3

·         Land & Building…………………………………………………………………………….................... 4

§  Factory Land & Building

§  Site Development Expenses

·         Plant & Machinery………………………………………………………………………….................... 5

§  Indigenous Machineries

§  Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.)

·         Other Fixed Assets………………………………………………………………………….................... 6

§  Furniture & Fixtures

§  Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses

§  Technical Knowhow

§  Provision of Contingencies

·         Working Capital Requirement Per Month………………………………………………................. 7

§  Raw Material

§  Packing Material

§  Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

§  Consumable Store

·         Overheads Required Per Month and Per Annum ……………………………………................. .8

§  Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.)

§  Royalty and Other Charges

§  Selling and Distribution Expenses

·         Salary and Wages ……………………………………………………………………………................. 9

·         Turnover Per Annum ………………………………………………………………………................ 10

·         Share Capital…………………………………………………………………………………................ 11

§  Equity Capital

§  Preference Share Capital

 

•        Annexure 1            ::        Cost of Project and Means of Finance

•        Annexure 2            ::        Profitability and Net Cash Accruals

§  Revenue/Income/Realisation

§  Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items

§  Gross Profit

§  Financial Charges    

§  Total Cost of Sales

§  Net Profit After Taxes

§  Net Cash Accruals

 

•        Annexure 3            ::        Assessment of Working Capital requirements

§  Current Assets

§  Gross Working Capital

§  Current Liabilities

§  Net Working Capital

§  Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process

 

•        Annexure 4            ::        Sources and Disposition of Funds

•        Annexure 5            ::        Projected Balance Sheets

§  ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)

§  RONW (Average of Share Capital)

§  ROI (Average of Total Assets)

 

•        Annexure 6            ::        Profitability ratios

§  D.S.C.R

§  Earnings Per Share (EPS)

§  Debt Equity Ratio

 

•        Annexure 7            ::        Break-Even Analysis

§  Variable Cost & Expenses

§  Semi-Variable/Semi-Fixed Expenses

§  Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)

§  Fixed Expenses / Cost 

§  B.E.P

 

•        Annexure 8 to 11   ::        Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume

§  Resultant N.P.B.T

§  Resultant D.S.C.R

§  Resultant PV Ratio

§  Resultant DER

§  Resultant ROI

§  Resultant BEP

 

•        Annexure 12          ::        Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status

§  Equity Capital

§  Preference Share Capital

 

•        Annexure 13          ::        Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks

§  Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services

§  Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items 

§  Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items   

§  Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items   

 

•        Annexure 14          ::        Product wise domestic Sales Realisation

•        Annexure 15          ::        Total Raw Material Cost

•        Annexure 16          ::        Raw Material Cost per unit

•        Annexure 17          ::        Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

•        Annexure 18          ::        Consumables, Store etc.

•        Annexure 19          ::        Packing Material Cost

•        Annexure 20          ::        Packing Material Cost Per Unit

•        Annexure 21          ::        Employees Expenses

•        Annexure 22          ::        Fuel Expenses

•        Annexure 23          ::        Power/Electricity Expenses

•        Annexure 24          ::        Royalty & Other Charges

•        Annexure 25          ::        Repairs & Maintenance Expenses

•        Annexure 26          ::        Other Manufacturing Expenses

•        Annexure 27          ::        Administration Expenses

•        Annexure 28          ::        Selling Expenses

•        Annexure 29          ::        Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total)

•        Annexure 30          ::        Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M)

•        Annexure 31          ::        Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (Total)

•        Annexure 32          ::        Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (P & M)

•        Annexure 33          ::        Interest and Repayment - Term Loans

•        Annexure 34          ::        Tax on Profits

•        Annexure 35          ::        Projected Pay-Back Period And IRR